Compendium of knowledge about Ethernet LAN cables - part 2

The quality of LAN cables is crucial to the performance and reliability of computer networks. Choosing the right cables can affect data transmission speed, signal quality and overall Ethernet functionality. In the second part of our comprehensive guide, we will discuss various aspects of LAN cables, including their types, types of insulation, applications and materials used in production. We invite you to read on!

Wire vs. stranded: Which type of network cable is better?

Understanding stranded-type cables

Stranded cables, also known as braided cables, are characterized by a multicore construction. This relies on the fact that each individual wire consists of multiple thin strands twisted together. This construction gives them greater flexibility and lighter weight than analogous solid wire-type cables, but results in much lower capacity and poorer technical performance than solid wire-type cables, especially over long distances. This design, however, makes wire-type cables suitable for narrow, specialized applications that require frequent moving or bending of the cable. Examples include connections between network or peripheral devices that are frequently moved, or are part of a larger structure with moving components. Cable type cables are also used in areas where high vibration resistance is required. In exceptional cases, where flexibility and resistance to mechanical damage from frequent manipulation of the cable are crucial, stranded cables may be a better choice than solid wire, providing better performance and higher throughput in every other situation.

Understanding solid wire-type cables

This type of LAN cable is characterized by a single-core construction - each single thread of wire-type cables, unlike stranded-type cables, consists of a single, solid conductor. Such construction is characterized by higher mechanical strength and better conductivity, making them ideal for permanent installations where the cable will not be subjected to frequent movements and multiple connection cycles. Solid wire cables are commonly used in structured cabling for buildings, where a stable and durable network infrastructure is needed. Although less flexible, they offer better protection against interference and are more resistant to mechanical damage, which increases their lifespan compared to stranded cables. They also provide better technical performance than cable in all respects and are therefore used as a standard in most modern network installations.

Applications and advantages of each type of Ethernet cable

Both stranded wire and solid wire cables have their own unique advantages and applications. Because of their incomparable technical properties, solid wire cables are preferred in all fixed installations, such as building cabling, where bandwidth, connection quality and signal durability are priorities. They are also often used in professional networks that require high bandwidth, such as corporate, industrial or university gigabit Ethernet networks.

Stranded cables, on the other hand, thanks to their greater flexibility, are only good for mobile and temporary applications, such as connections between computers and temporarily connected peripherals, or between moving equipment in industry, such as robotic systems and multi-piece, complex production lines. Their design allows signals to be transmitted freely in specific environments that require frequent configuration changes and high durability with frequent cable movement.

Which type of cable will work best for your installation?

The choice between solid wire and stranded cable is 99% of the time obvious - if you need an efficient, stable and fast network connection, solid wire cables are the only sensible solution. Offering higher performance and better performance than stranded wires in every respect, they are the backbone of structured networks in most modern homes, offices, industrial plants and data centers.

Stranded wires were widely used a dozen-twenty years ago for home and telecommunications connections (intercoms, block networks), but due to significant limitations in bandwidth and signal durability, they have been displaced over time by wire-type cables in the overwhelming majority of commercial and professional applications. Today, stranded wires are used only in very narrow specialties like the aforementioned production lines, requiring the flexibility of the cable rather than high bandwidth.

Internal vs. external LAN Ethernet cables.

Key differences between indoor and outdoor cables

Internal and external LAN cables differ mainly in terms of their design and materials used in production. Indoor cables are designed for use in enclosed environments where they are not exposed to extreme weather conditions and large temperature fluctuations. They feature lighter insulation and tend to be more flexible. Outdoor cables, on the other hand, are designed to withstand harsh conditions such as moisture, UV radiation and fluctuating temperatures. They have additional protective layers to protect them from damage and ensure long-term reliability in harsh outdoor environments.

Materials and design for indoor use

LAN cables for indoor use are usually made of materials such as PVC, which offer good flexibility and ease of installation. Their design focuses on providing adequate signal quality under controlled environmental conditions. Indoor network cables often use UTP twisted pair, which minimizes electromagnetic interference while ensuring optimal local network performance. Another important factor is their compliance with fire safety standards, which is crucial for indoor cabling in buildings. In the rare event of a fire or short circuit in the network, the cable itself or its insulation can melt - for this reason, the materials must not release toxic substances.

Durability and protection for outdoor use

Outdoor cables, unlike indoor cables, must have additional layers of protection to ensure their durability in harsh weather conditions. Materials such as polyethylene are often used for insulation, providing resistance to moisture and UV radiation. In addition, outdoor LAN cables can be equipped with shielding to protect against electromagnetic interference, which can negatively affect signal quality. This makes outdoor cables ideal for open-air applications, where all factors that can damage the cable or interfere with the signal cannot be influenced, and thus reliability and longevity are key.

Choosing the right cable for different environments

Choosing the right LAN cable for a particular environment is key to ensuring network performance and longevity. For indoor installations where conditions are stable, indoor cables with adequate insulation will suffice. On the other hand, for outdoor installations where the cables are exposed to the elements, outdoor cables with reinforced construction are necessary. By taking into account the specific environment in which the cable will be used, you can ensure optimal network performance and minimize the risk of failure.

We discussed in detail the topic of differences between indoor and outdoor cables in the article Outdoor LAN cables - main types and applications. If you are planning to develop an outdoor network, we strongly encourage you to read the information contained therein.

Shielded vs. unshielded cables

Explanation of shielded (STP) and unshielded (UTP) cables.

Shielded (STP) and unshielded (UTP) cables differ mainly in terms of protection against electromagnetic interference. STP cables have an extra layer of shielding around the wires to protect the signal from external interference, which is especially important in environments with high levels of interference. UTP cables, on the other hand, which do not have this extra protection, are more flexible and easier to install, making them a popular choice in less demanding network environments. The choice between STP and UTP depends on your specific network needs and the environment in which the cable will be used.

When is it a good idea to use shielded cables?

Shielded cables are particularly useful in environments with high levels of electromagnetic interference, such as factories, data centers and industrial installations. Shielding helps maintain signal integrity and prevents signal degradation, which is key to ensuring network stability and performance. For long cable routes, where the signal may be exposed to various sources of interference, choosing STP cables can significantly improve transmission quality and reduce the risk of data loss. The choice of shielded cable can also be justified in situations where high-bandwidth data transmission is required.

Effect of shielding on signal integrity and performance

The shielding of LAN cables has a significant impact on signal integrity, helping to protect against electromagnetic interference that can affect the quality of data transmission. With shielding, the signal is more stable and less susceptible to outside interference, resulting in higher network performance. This, in turn, can increase transmission speeds and improve the overall functionality of an Ethernet system. Shielding is especially important in environments with a high volume of electronic devices, where the risk of interference is higher.

Choosing the right cable for different scenarios

The choice between shielded and unshielded cable depends on the specific requirements of the network scenario. For environments where electromagnetic interference is minimal, UTP cables may be sufficient and offer a more cost-effective solution. Conversely, in situations where signal integrity is critical and interference levels are high, STP cables are more suitable. It is important to consider both the operating environment and the specifics of the network to make the best choice for optimal LAN performance and reliability.

Insulation materials and their impact on the Ethernet network

Overview of typical insulation materials (PVC, LSZH, etc.).

Insulation materials used in LAN cables have a key impact on their performance and durability. PVC (polyvinyl chloride) is one of the most commonly used materials, offering good flexibility and resistance to chemical agents. LSZH (Low Smoke Zero Halogen) is a popular industry designation indicating that the materials used in the cable have low smoke emissions and no halogens, making it more environmentally friendly and safe in case of fire. Choosing the right insulation material depends on the specific requirements and conditions in which the cable will be used, which can affect its flexibility, durability and safety.

How insulation material affects cable flexibility and durability

The insulation material directly affects the flexibility and durability of the LAN cable. PVC, due to its flexibility, is often used in installations where cables are subject to frequent movement and bending. Materials such as LSZH, on the other hand, provide greater durability and resistance to the elements, which is particularly important in environments with a high risk of fire. The choice of insulation material should take into account the specific needs of the installation and the anticipated operating conditions to ensure optimal network performance and minimize the risk of damage.

Fire safety requirements and classifications

Fire safety is a key factor in the selection of insulation materials for LAN cables. Materials such as LSZH are specifically designed to minimize smoke and toxic gas emissions in the event of a fire, which is particularly important in public buildings and high-traffic areas. Fire safety classifications, such as the CPR (Construction Products Regulation), specify standards that cables must meet to ensure safety in the event of a fire. Choosing a cable that complies with these standards is key to ensuring the safety of users and the protection of property.

RJ45 computer cable length vs. signal degradation

How cable length affects signal quality

LAN cable length has a direct impact on signal quality and signal degradation. The longer the cable, the higher its resistance, which can lead to signal degradation and increased interference. The Ethernet standard specifies a maximum cable length of 100 meters, which allows to maintain transmission quality without significant signal loss. In practice, depending on the installation conditions and the quality of the cable, it is possible for signal degradation to occur earlier, which can affect network performance and connection stability.

Best practices in cable management and installation

Cable length management and proper installation are key to maintaining signal quality in LANs. It is important to avoid exceeding the recommended length of 100 meters for Ethernet cables, which can lead to signal degradation. The use of appropriate tools and installation techniques, such as the use of patch panels and RJ45 connectors, can improve cabling organization and minimize the risk of interference. In addition, regular maintenance and inspection of installations help maintain network performance and prevent data transmission problems.

Tools and tips to minimize signal loss

Various tools and techniques can be used to minimize signal loss in LAN cables. Using signal boosters and repeaters can help maintain transmission quality, especially on long cable routes. Taking care to properly shield and insulate cables is also crucial, as it reduces the impact of electromagnetic interference. Proper management of cable length and informed network design with recommended installation practices can significantly improve network performance and ensure reliable Ethernet system operation.

Summary of part 2 of the compendium

Choosing the right Ethernet cable is crucial to ensuring a stable and efficient computer network. In the second part of the compendium, we took a closer look at various aspects of LAN cables, such as:

• Types of cables: Wire vs. cable - each type has its own advantages and uses depending on the installation requirements.
• Applications: Indoor and outdoor cables differ in design and materials, which affects their durability and resistance to environmental conditions.
• Shielding: Shielded (STP) and unshielded (UTP) cables differ in their level of protection against electromagnetic interference.
• Insulation materials: PVC, LSZH and other materials affect the flexibility, durability and safety of the cable.
• Cable length: Cable length affects signal quality, so it is important to follow the recommended limits.
• Installation: Proper installation and cable management minimize signal loss and ensure long network life.

In summary, choosing the right Ethernet cable depends on a number of factors, such as the operating environment, performance and security requirements. By understanding the differences between different cable types and using the right tools and installation techniques, you can create a reliable and efficient LAN.

FAQ section

What is twisted-pair cable and why is it so popular in LANs?

Twisted pair is a type of cable that consists of several pairs of wires twisted together to help reduce electromagnetic interference. It is popular in LAN because of its ability to transmit data over long distances with minimal signal loss. Compared to other types of cabling, twisted-pair is also more economical and easy to install.

What is the difference between twisted pair utp and stp?

UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) is a network cable without additional shielding, which makes it more susceptible to interference, but cheaper and easier to install. STP(Shielded Twisted Pair), on the other hand, has additional shielding to protect against electromagnetic interference, making it more suitable for environments with high levels of interference.

Why choose Ethernet cable over fiber optic cable?

The choice between Ethernet cable and fiber optic cable depends on several factors. Ethernet cable is cheaper and easier to connect and fast enough for most standard lan networks. Fiber optic cable, on the other hand, offers much higher bandwidth and longer transmission distances, but is more expensive and requires more complicated installation.